April 30, 2019
En tekst er vanligvis en skrevet eller trykt samling ord som danner en mening, ofte er det ord i en fortelling. Tekst betegner da både innholdet og selve skriftet, altså det skrevne.
Den delen av språkvitenskapen som har tekster som sitt studiefelt, kalles tekstlingvistikk. Tekstlingvistikken studerer både verbalspråklige tekster, som både kan være muntlige og skrevne, og tekster som er realisert gjennom andre tegnsystem (eller kombinasjon av flere tegnsystem), som film, tegneserier og reklame.
Tekster har visse felles kjennetegn, uavhengig av tegnsystem og sjanger. En tekst må være koherent, dvs. oppleves som sammenhengende av språkbrukerne i en bestemt situasjon. Den må ha et emne, dvs. at den må «handle om noe». Tekster tolkes av språkbrukerne ut fra visse historisk og kulturelt bestemte tekstnormer, dvs. (uutalte) forventninger til og vaner for kommunikasjon. Normene danner basis for de ulike tekstsjangrene. Tekstnormer og dermed sjangerkrav kan endre seg over tid. Når det mediet som tekstene formidles gjennom endrer seg, eller når omstendighetene omkring kommunikasjonen (konteksten) endrer seg, vil også tekstnormene forandres. Et godt eksempel er hvordan normene for sjangeren TV-debatt har endra seg fra fjernsynets barndom til i dag.
Tekst har ellers en rekke beslektede betydninger. Tekst kan for eksempel bety ordene i en sang eller vise (tekst til operaeller operette kalles ofte libretto). Begrepet kan dessuten brukes om et bibelsitat eller utdrag fra Bibelen, en tekst som for eksempel danner utgangspunkt for en preken.
Begrepet brukes i litteraturvitenskapen særlig om et litterært verk eller en skriftlig framstilling i sin opprinnelige språkform (en originaltekst til forskjell fra oversettelser). Undertekst betegner der ofte den egentlige meningen bak eller under et utsagn.
I bøker utgjør teksten vanligvis det viktigste innholdet, den sammenhengende framstillinga, i motsetning til noter, kommentarer og illustrasjoner. Billedtekster er forklaringer til bildene.
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